[258] The book was published in 2012 after being edited by historian George H. [198] Hoover had hoped that the commission's public report would buttress his stance in favor of Prohibition, but the report criticized the enforcement of the Volstead Act and noted the growing public opposition to Prohibition. 54 talking about this. [57][58] Hoover and his wife had two children: Herbert Hoover Jr. (born in 1903) and Allan Henry Hoover (born in 1907). [79] The Food Administration shipped 23 million metric tons of food to the Allied Powers, preventing their collapse and earning Hoover great acclaim. [232] He expressed dismay at the persecution of Jews in Germany and believed that Hitler was mad, but did not present a threat to the U.S. [268] Biographer Glen Jeansonne writes that Hoover was "one of the most extraordinary Americans of modern times," adding that Hoover "led a life that was a prototypical Horatio Alger story, except that Horatio Alger stories stop at the pinnacle of success". Richard Nixon was the first president to fill a vacancy under this provision when he selected Gerald Ford for the office following Spiro Agnew's resignation in 1973. In his nine major radio addresses Hoover primarily defended his administration and his philosophy of government, urging voters to hold to the "foundations of experience" and reject the notion that government interventionism could save the country from the Depression. [264], Hoover was honored with a state funeral in which he lay in state in the United States Capitol rotunda. [27] Hoover described the Coolgardie and Murchison rangelands on the edge of the Great Victoria Desert as a land of "black flies, red dust and white heat". [171] In response to the collapse of the German economy, Hoover marshaled congressional support behind a one-year moratorium on European war debts. Fearing the imminent collapse of the Chinese government, the director of the Chinese Engineering and Mining Company agreed to establish a new Sino-British venture with Bewick, Moreing. [203] Notwithstanding those actions, he wound down the Banana Wars, ending the occupation of Nicaragua and nearly bringing an end to the occupation of Haiti. Hoover proposed a new constitutional amendment that was vague on particulars. Hoover has been memorialized in the names of several things, including the Hoover Dam on the Colorado River and numerous elementary, middle, and high schools across the United States. [276] A medicine ball game known as Hooverball is named for Hoover; it was invented by White House physician Admiral Joel T. Boone to help Hoover keep fit while serving as president. [101] In response to the Depression of 1920–21, he convinced Harding to assemble a presidential commission on unemployment, which encouraged local governments to engage in countercyclical infrastructure spending. The officeholder leads the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. Before serving as president, Hoover led the Commission for Relief in Belgium, served as the director of the U.S. Food Administration, and served as the third U.S. Secretary of Commerce. [55] Immediately after earning a promotion in 1898, Hoover cabled Lou Henry, asking her to marry him. After leaving office, Hoover enjoyed one of the longest retirements of any former president, and he authored numerous works in subsequent decades. ", Lee, David D. "Herbert Hoover and the Development of Commercial Aviation, 1921–1926. Since the ratification of the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1951, no person may be elected president more than twice, and no one who has served more than two years of a term to which someone else was elected may be elected more than once.[1]. Herbert Hoover was born on August 10, 1874 in West Branch, Iowa. [78] Determined to avoid rationing, Hoover established set days for people to avoid eating specified foods and save them for soldiers' rations: meatless Mondays, wheatless Wednesdays, and "when in doubt, eat potatoes". Hoover's attempts at regulating radio were not supported by all congressmen, and he received much opposition from the Senate and from radio station owners. The 1796 presidential election was the first contested American presidential election and the only one in which a president and vice president were elected from opposing political parties. Scholars were sent to Europe to collect pamphlets, society publications, government documents, newspapers, posters, proclamations, and other ephemeral materials related to the war and the revolutions that followed it. Chester A. Arthur was initially sworn in as president on September 20, 1881, and then again on September 22. [83] Hoover condemned the Bolsheviks, but warned President Wilson against an intervention in the Russian Civil War, as he viewed the White Russian forces as little better than the Bolsheviks and feared the possibility of a protracted U.S. Il Presidente degli Stati Uniti d'America (in inglese: President of the United States of America; sigla: POTUS) è il capo di Stato e il capo del governo degli Stati Uniti d'America.Di nomina elettiva, il Presidente è responsabile delle funzioni esecutive del governo federale ed è anche il comandante in capo delle Forze Armate statunitensi.. È tradizionalmente considerato la … [101] His experience mobilizing the war-time economy convinced him that the federal government could promote efficiency by eliminating waste, increasing production, encouraging the adoption of data-based practices, investing in infrastructure, and conserving natural resources. He died of either typhoid, pneumonia, or paratyphoid fever 31 days into his term, becoming the first president to die in office and the shortest-serving U.S. president in … [190][page needed] Hoover appointed more African Americans to federal positions than Harding and Coolidge had combined, but many African-American leaders condemned various aspects of the Hoover administration, including Hoover's unwillingness to push for a federal anti-lynching law. [96] Despite his national renown, Hoover's service in the Wilson administration had alienated farmers and the conservative Old Guard of the GOP, and his presidential candidacy fizzled out after his defeat in the California primary by favorite son Hiram Johnson. [21] Though he was initially shy among fellow students, Hoover won election as student treasurer and became known for his distaste for fraternities and sororities. (1936). [89] When asked if he was not helping Bolshevism by providing relief, Hoover stated, "twenty million people are starving. Hoover's wartime push for higher taxes, criticism of Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer's actions during the First Red Scare, and his advocacy for measures such as the minimum wage, forty-eight-hour workweek, and elimination of child labor made him appealing to progressives of both parties. Calvin Coolidge was initially sworn in as president on August 3, 1923, and then again on August 21. The president of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States, indirectly elected to a four-year term by the American people through the Electoral College. [222] In the electoral vote, Hoover lost 59–472, carrying six states. He left the invited interest groups to negotiate agreements among themselves, which were then presented for adoption by states and localities. [18][b] During his freshman year, he switched his major from mechanical engineering to geology after working for John Casper Branner, the chair of Stanford's geology department. [191] Hoover also continued to pursue the lily-white strategy, removing African Americans from positions of leadership in the Republican Party in an attempt to end the Democratic Party's dominance in the South. [39], As operating partner, Hoover continually traveled the world on behalf of Bewick, Moreing, visiting mines operated by the company on different continents. [97], After his election as president in 1920, Harding rewarded Hoover for his support, offering to appoint him as either Secretary of the Interior or Secretary of Commerce. Born on August 10, 1874, in West Branch, Iowa, he was orphaned at the age of eight and spent his childhood in the home of his wealthy uncle. "[261] At the time of his death, Hoover had been out of office for over 31 years (11,553 days all together). [94] Despite his service in the Democratic administration of Woodrow Wilson, Hoover had never been closely affiliated with either the Democrats or the Republicans. 9:39 p.m. [80] As head of the Food Administration, Hoover gained a following in the United States, especially among progressives who saw in Hoover an expert administrator and symbol of efficiency. [122], Hoover quietly built up support for a future presidential bid throughout the 1920s, but he carefully avoided alienating Coolidge, who was eligible to run for another term in the 1928 presidential election. [202] As president, Hoover largely made good on his pledge made prior to assuming office not to interfere in Latin America's internal affairs. [178], The economy continued to worsen, with unemployment rates nearing 23 percent in early 1932,[179] and Hoover finally heeded calls for more direct federal intervention. [110] He also established the federal government's power to inspect planes and license pilots, setting a precedent for the later Federal Aviation Administration. The core of his fortune is tied up in a half-dozen buildings … [131], Hoover centered his campaign around the Republican record of peace and prosperity, as well as his own reputation as a successful engineer and public official. [237][238], In December 1939, sympathetic Americans led by Hoover formed the Finnish Relief Fund to donate money to aid Finnish civilians and refugees after the Soviet Union had started the Winter War by attacking Finland, which had outraged Americans. [132] Smith was more charismatic and gregarious than Hoover, but his campaign was damaged by anti-Catholicism and his overt opposition to Prohibition. "Herbert Hoover and the Historians—Recent Developments: A Review Essay", Jansky Jr, C. M. "The contribution of Herbert Hoover to broadcasting. Big Games: College Football's Greatest Rivalries – Page 222. The library is one of thirteen presidential libraries run by the National Archives and Records Administration. [167] A series of bank failures in late 1930 heralded a larger collapse of the economy in 1931. As no mechanism existed for filling an intra-term vacancy in the vice presidency before 1967, the office was left vacant until filled through the next ensuing presidential election and subsequent inauguration. [148] This optimism concealed several threats to sustained U.S. economic growth, including a persistent farm crisis, a saturation of consumer goods like automobiles, and growing income inequality. Presidente is a brand of Pilsner beer that is owned and produced by Cervecería Nacional Dominicana (CND) at several breweries in the Dominican Republic. Media in category "Flag of the President of the United States" The following 53 files are in this category, out of 53 total. Both were widely influential, promoting greater uniformity between jurisdictions and tending to promote the automobile's priority in city streets. [160] These actions were collectively designed to prevent a cycle of deflation and provide a fiscal stimulus. Hoover pursued a variety of policies in an attempt to lift the economy, but opposed directly involving the federal government in relief efforts. After the Wickersham Report was published in 1931, Hoover rejected the advice of some of his closest allies and refused to endorse any revision of the Volstead Act or the Eighteenth Amendment, as he feared doing so would undermine his support among Prohibition advocates. [44] By 1914, Hoover was a very wealthy man, with an estimated personal fortune of $4 million (equivalent to $102.1 million in 2019). Afterwards, Hoover's wife, Lou Henry, who had been buried in Palo Alto, California, following her death in 1944, was re-interred beside him. Averse to giving political speeches, Hoover largely stayed out of the fray and left the campaigning to Curtis and other Republicans. [255] In the early 1960s, President John F. Kennedy offered Hoover various positions; Hoover declined the offers but defended Kennedy after the Bay of Pigs invasion and was personally distraught by Kennedy's assassination in 1963. [25] After working as a mine scout for a year, Hoover was hired by Bewick, Moreing & Co., a London-based company that operated gold mines in Western Australia. [88] The Russian famine of 1921–22 claimed six million people, but the intervention of the ARA likely saved millions of lives. The presidency of William Henry Harrison, who died 31 days after taking office in 1841, was the shortest in American history. [269] A 2017 C-Span poll of historians also ranked Hoover as the 36th best president. [206] As a result of Hoover's efforts, the United States and other major naval powers signed the 1930 London Naval Treaty. In large part due to his leadership during the flood crisis, by 1928, Hoover had begun to overshadow President Coolidge himself. Over the objection of many economists, Hoover signed the Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act into law in June 1930. [231], During a 1938 trip to Europe, Hoover met with Adolf Hitler and stayed at Hermann Göring's hunting lodge. When asked how he felt on reaching the milestone, Hoover replied, "Too old. [213] The Republican expectations were so bleak that Hoover faced no serious opposition for re-nomination at the 1932 Republican National Convention. It also established a mechanism by which an intra-term vacancy in the vice presidency could be filled. [226] During the 1930s, Hoover increasingly self-identified as a conservative. Esta é a lista de presidentes dos Estados Unidos, o título ao chefe de Estado e chefe de governo dos Estados Unidos e o mais alto cargo político do país por influência e reconhecimento. [158] Hoover also convinced railroads and public utilities to increase spending on construction and maintenance, and the Federal Reserve announced that it would cut interest rates. Although disaster response did not fall under the duties of the Commerce Department, the governors of six states along the Mississippi River specifically asked President Coolidge to appoint Hoover to coordinate the response to the flood. He created many sub-departments and committees, overseeing and regulating everything from manufacturing statistics to air travel. In the early and mid-1920s, Hoover's radio conferences played a key role in the organization, development, and regulation of radio broadcasting. [86] After U.S. government funding for the ARA expired in mid-1919, Hoover transformed the ARA into a private organization, raising millions of dollars from private donors. Throughout most of its history, American politics has been dominated by political parties. [42] Hoover thought of himself and his associates as "engineering doctors to sick concerns", and he earned a reputation as a "doctor of sick mines". ", "An American Friendship: Herbert Hoover and Poland", https://mininghalloffame.org/inductee/hoover-0, https://mininghalloffame.org/inductee/hoover, http://www.mininghalloffame.com.au/hall-of-fame/inductee.php?id=46, https://temata.rozhlas.cz/herbert-hoover-z-chudeho-synka-nejmocnejsim-muzem-planety-7983574, "USA:n entinen presidentti Herbert Hoover vastaanottaa tohtorinmiekan ja vihitään kunniatohtoriksi", "The Gold Standard and the Great Depression", "Black Disaffection From the Republican Party During the Presidency of Herbert Hoover, 1928–1932", "The Forgotten Repatriation of Persons of Mexican Ancestry and Lessons for the War on Terror", "Hoover and the Historians: the Resurrection of a President", "Gifford Pinchot and the Politics of Hunger, 1932–1933", "The Radio Act of 1927: progressive ideology, epistemology, and praxis", "Herbert Hoover, the Commerce Secretariat, and the Vision of an 'Associative State', 1921–1928", 'Herbert C. Hoover and Poland: 1919–1933. Presidente de los Estados Unidos es el título del jefe de Estado y jefe de Gobierno de los Estados Unidos y el más alto cargo político del país por influencia y reconocimiento.
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